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Laura Smith Haviland (December 20, 1808- April 20, 1898) was an American abolitionist, suffragette, and social reformer. She was an important figure in the history of the Underground Railroad. ==Early years and family== Laura Smith Haviland was born on December 20, 1808, in Kitley Township, Ontario, Canada to American parents, Daniel Smith and Asenath “Sene” Blancher,〔Hinshaw, William Wade. ''Encyclopedia of American Quaker Genealogy. Vol. IV.'' Transcribed records from the Adrian Monthly Meeting, Michigan Territory. Note: Her first name is recorded as both "Asenath" and “Sene” in the Quaker Records. Sene was a short form of the name Asenath, not her full given name. She was born in Jamaica, VT.〕 who had immigrated shortly before her birth.〔 Haviland wrote that Daniel was ''’’a man of ability and influence, of clear perceptions, and strong reasoning powers,’’''〔 while her mother Sene was ''’’of a gentler turn, …a quiet spirit, benevolent and kind to all, and much beloved by all who knew her.’’''〔 The Smiths, farmers of modest means, were devout members of the Society of Friends, better known as Quakers. Haviland’s father was a minister in the Society and her mother was an Elder.〔 Though the Quakers dressed plainly, and strictly forbade dancing, singing, and other pursuits they deemed frivolous, many of their views were progressive by the standards of the day.〔Eisenmann, Linda. ''Historical Dictionary of Women's Education in the United States,'' pages 332-333. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998.〕 The Quakers encouraged the equal education of men and women, an extraordinarily forward-thinking position in an age when most individuals were illiterate, and providing a woman with a thorough education was largely viewed as unnecessary.〔Lorber, Judith ''Gender Inequality: Feminist Theories and Politics,'' Pages 1-3. Roxbury, MA: Roxbury Pub., 2001〕〔Smith, R. Drew ''Freedom's Distant Shores: American Protestants and Post-colonial Alliances,'' Page 111. Waco: Baylor University Press, 2006〕 Quaker women as well as men acted as ministers.〔〔Cahn, Susan. ''Industry of Devotion: The Transformation of Women's Work in England,'' Page 115. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987〕 While most Quakers did not agitate vocally for abolition, the majority condemned slavery as brutal and unjust.〔 It was in this atmosphere that Haviland was raised. In 1815, her family left Canada and returned to the United States, settling in the remote and sparsely populated town of Cambria, in western New York.〔 At the time there was no school near their home, and for the next six years Haviland’s education consisted of little more than "a spelling lesson" given to her daily by her mother.〔 Haviland described herself as an inquisitive child, deeply interested in the workings of the world around her, who a young age began questioning her parents about everything from scripture to Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation. Once she had mastered spelling, Haviland supplemented her meager education by devouring every book she could borrow from friends, relatives, and neighbors, reading everything from religious material to serious historical studies.〔 At sixteen, Laura met Charles Haviland, Jr., a devout young Quaker, whose parents were both respected ministers. They were married on November 11, 1825, at Lockport, New York. According to Laura, Charles was a devoted husband and theirs was a happy marriage.〔 They were the parents of eight children. The Havilands spent the first four years of their marriage in Royalton Township, near Lockport, New York, before moving in September, 1829, to Raisin, Lenawee County in the Michigan Territory. They settled three miles (5 km) from the homestead her parents acquired four years earlier.〔 Michigan was then a largely unsettled wilderness, but land was cheap, and there were a number of other Quakers in the vicinity.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Laura Smith Haviland」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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